Imam Muhammad Ibn Zayd (D. 276AH)

Imam Muhammad ibn Zayd (Peace Be Upon Him) | Al-Tuhaf Sharh al-Zulaf
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Al-Tuhaf Sharh al-Zulaf  ·  Lives of the Imams

Imam Muḥammad ibn Zayd

Abū al-Muṭahhar — Peace Be Upon Him

Identity

Abū al-Muṭahhar Muḥammad ibn Zayd — brother of Imam al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd (may God be pleased with him).

His Rising

After his brother’s death, in Khurāsān. The pure progeny gained honour and strength in his days and the days of his brother.

Martyrdom & Children

Friday, Ramaḍān, year 276 AH — after great battles and many wounds. Two sons: Zayd and al-Ḥasan; descendants in Baghdad, Ṭabaristān, and al-Rayy.

His Identity & the Legacy of the Two Brothers

Imam Abū al-Muṭahhar Muḥammad ibn Zayd was the brother of Imam al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd (may God be pleased with him). His rising came after the death of his brother, in Khurāsān. The pure progeny gained honour and strength in his days and the days of his brother.

Through the two of them the market of justice and divine unity (tawḥīd) flourished — with a rejection of the doctrine of compulsion (jabr) and anthropomorphism (tashbīh), along with all the corrupt schools such as predestinarianism (qadar) and postponement (irjāʾ). Their condition closely resembles the words of the poet:

Had you lived to meet the Prophet Muḥammad —
the verses of the revealed Book would have praised you.
You revived God’s religion after His Prophet’s death,
and aided it while all creation had abandoned it.
For people are either a heretic and a hypocrite —
or a Muslim, submissive and humble.

The Splendid Ode of Ibn al-Muqātil the Blind

The splendid, unique ode by which Ibn al-Muqātil the Blind praised Imam Muḥammad ibn Zayd is famous — in about forty verses.1 Its opening line, after the textual alteration:

Do not say “good tidings,” but say to me “two tidings” —
the appearance of the Summoner and the festival day.
His two palms were created to dispense death and life,
and his character has encompassed the very essence of Paradise.
So he, for everyone, in everything, stands alone —
in granting gifts, in dealing death, and in granting security.

Lavish in generosity without any excuse,
immense in kindness without demanding gratitude.
He pierces the champions with his glances until he leaves
the boldest of them trembling as a coward.
He is among those whom the Messenger of God established —
and his two exalted, beautiful ʿAlīs.
Your two palms have fulfilled both a promise and a threat,
and the two hands have encompassed the world for you.

— Ibn al-Muqātil the Blind (approximately forty verses in full)

The Imam’s Response to the Verse of Exaggeration

The scholars of rhetoric mention that the Imam struck the poet for his words in the opening — though the author considers this far-fetched. If true, it was perhaps on account of the exaggeration found in some verses,2 such as the line reported to have been recited to him: “God is One (fard) and Ibn Zayd is one (fard).”

So the Imam prostrated in humility before God Most High and said: “Say rather: God is One (fard) and Ibn Zayd is a servant (ʿabd).”

This is the interpretation upon which the account must be carried — the correct reading.

His Martyrdom

He was killed (peace be upon him) after great battles and many wounds, on a Friday in the noble month of Ramaḍān, in the year 276 AH.

The Elegy of Imam al-Nāṣir li-l-Ḥaqq al-Uṭrūsh

Imam al-Nāṣir li-l-Ḥaqq al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh elegised him in an ode of more than thirty-nine verses, which Imam al-Manṣūr Billāh (peace be upon him) related in Al-Shāfī. Among its lines:

Is it for religion and the world that you keep grieving —
or is it over the Summoner that you weep and lament?
Both were alive through him throughout his life;
now they have all died and bidden farewell.
If I weep, I do not weep over him out of affectation;
and if I bear it with patience, then patience is more painful.
His loss has made my heart forget how to be consoled,
and after him taught me how to grieve.
I had assured my soul against calamities,
so that I am not seen — however grave the affliction after him — to feel pain.
So rise and proclaim his death to East and West,
for the dreaded calamity has befallen.
No catastrophe — save his — is more dreadful,
and no day is worse than his, more hideous.
Through him Islam was stricken, so its throne collapsed,
and its pillars came to totter.
The paths of good deeds were effaced after Muḥammad,
and he left behind a weakness in the heights that cannot be lifted.
He died, and with him died resolve, valour, and bounty —
and the one who in this world could harm and benefit.
By his passing there departed, for the nation of his grandfather and his kindred,
a mountain of glory, most impregnable —
A hand surrounding them, compassionate toward them,
and an eye of his that, if they slept, would never sleep.
Their gathering was scattered after its harmony,
though through him the assembly of prophethood was united.
All creation became equal in his perishing after his sovereignty —
every one of them, over him, consoled and bereaved.
I saw people only laughing during his life,
and since he died, only weeping and aching.
There is no excuse, since death was not warded off before him,
when through him we used to ward off the blows of fate.

Though, had he willed, his sword would have saved him,
and a steed swift as a flash of lightning, or swifter still.
But he refused except to follow the example
of a band of the Family of the Messenger of God, martyred at al-Ṭaff.
And when he saw that flight is a disgrace,
and that the path of death is wider for the freeman,
He set firm a heart that would not be terrified into fleeing death,
nor was it of the kind that what frightens people frightens.
He kept defending his honour and his sanctity,
plunging into the pool of death and drinking deep.
The blue-grey spearheads3 snatched at his vital breath —
driven by something within him swifter to death.
Had his sword not betrayed him by breaking,
his enemies would have remained cut to pieces by him.
So he fell, his face never sullied by shame,
like lightning gleaming in the dark of night.
He did not die until the enemies died of fear of him —
they who used even in their sleep to start in terror of him.
By God, what a treasure his tomb encloses —
and more wondrous still: how does it not split apart?
Through him the world, for all its breadth, used to feel narrow;
it would dawn and dusk in fear and hope of him.
Death and gifts alternated by his hand,
pouring upon the near and upon the most distant.
His bounty and his vengeance shaded all creation:
his ally honoured, his rebel subdued.

If the enemies rejoice at the place of his death,
long indeed have they lived while bereaved by him.
So I said to them: do not gloat over his misfortune,
for there is not one among you but death is poised over him.
The best of deaths is death by the sword in battle,
just as the best of lives is what the sword withholds.
By the sword is our living, and by it our dying;
thus the sword has ever been enamoured of the noble.
He lived in the world beautifully, well-protected,
and died nobly, defending the sanctuary of religion.

O rider, convey peace and mercy to a grave at Jurjān
that remained a gathering-place of righteousness.
In its precinct alighted Ibn Zayd, Muḥammad,
and so a dreadful affliction befell creation.
The regions of the earth came to vie over him,
all of them wishing they could be his resting-place.
May God bless him as long as a dawn breaks,
and as long as a dove coos in the high branches.
I have sworn: my heart shall not cease to be stricken over him,
nor my eye to weep as long as night falls dark.

— Imam al-Nāṣir li-l-Ḥaqq al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh

So what is your estimation of an Imam concerning whom these are the words of Imam al-Nāṣir!

His Children
  • Zayd descendants in Baghdad, Ṭabaristān, and al-Rayy
  • Al-Ḥasan descendants in Baghdad, Ṭabaristān, and al-Rayy
Distinguished Companions Who Served Him

Among those who accompanied Imam Muḥammad ibn Zayd and wrote for him were two leading scholars of the age:

Abū al-Qāsim al-Balkhī — ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad al-Kaʿbī 273–319 AH

One of the leading Imams of the Muʿtazila and head of the faction known as the Kaʿbiyya. From Balkh, he resided in Baghdad for a long period. He used to say that whenever he wrote for the Imam, he felt as though he were writing for the Messenger of God ﷺ. Among his works: a Qurʾān commentary (Al-Tafsīr) and Taʾyīd Maqālat Abī al-Hudhayl.4

Abū Muslim Muḥammad ibn Baḥr al-Aṣfahānī 254–322 AH

A governor, Muʿtazilī, and one of the great prose writers of his age. Learned in Qurʾān commentary and other branches of knowledge. He governed Iṣfahān and Fārs for the ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Muqtadir. Known for his dissenting view on abrogation (al-naskh). Among his works: Jāmiʿ al-Taʾwīl on Qurʾān commentary in fourteen volumes, Al-Nāsikh wa-l-Mansūkh, a book on grammar, and a collection of his treatises.5

Scholarly References & Annotations

1

See: Murūj al-Dhahab 4/343, 344, 345 — noted by the Author (peace be upon him).

2

Namely the words: “A disbeliever in God and the Seven Oft-Repeated verses is everyone who claims he has, in all existence, any second equal.” — noted by the Author (peace be upon him).

3

Al-zurq (with ḍamma): the spear or arrow blades — noted by the Author (peace be upon him).

4

ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Maḥmūd al-Kaʿbī, of Banū Kaʿb, al-Balkhī al-Khurāsānī, Abū al-Qāsim (273–319 AH): one of the leading imams of the Muʿtazila, head of the Kaʿbiyya faction, from Balkh, resided in Baghdad for a long period, and died in Balkh. From Al-Aʿlām by al-Ziriklī (4/65).

5

Muḥammad ibn Baḥr al-Aṣfahānī, Abū Muslim (254–322 AH): a governor and Muʿtazilī scholar from Iṣfahān. He governed Iṣfahān and Fārs for al-Muqtadir and remained until Ibn Būya entered Iṣfahān in 321 AH. Among his books: Jāmiʿ al-Taʾwīl in fourteen volumes; Al-Nāsikh wa-l-Mansūkh; a grammar; and a collection of treatises. From Al-Aʿlām by al-Ziriklī (6/50).

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Primary Source Al-Tuḥaf Sharḥ al-Zulaf Imam Majd al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad al-Muʾayyidī الإمام مجد الدين بن محمد المؤيدي
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